What was the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes, safe houses, and individuals who aided enslaved African Americans in escaping from the southern United States to free states and Canada during the 19th century.

When did the Underground Railroad operate?

The Underground Railroad operated primarily from the late 18th century to the Civil War era, reaching its peak between 1830 and 1860.

Who were the key people involved in the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad involved a network of diverse individuals, including escaped slaves, free African Americans, white abolitionists, Quakers, and other sympathetic individuals who risked their lives to help enslaved people escape to freedom. Harriet Tubman is one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad.

How did the Underground Railroad work?

The Underground Railroad worked through a system of `stations` or safe houses where escaping slaves could find food, shelter, and assistance along their journey to freedom. Conductors, like Harriet Tubman, guided them from one station to another, using secret routes and codes to avoid capture.

Were there actual trains involved in the Underground Railroad?

No, the term `Underground Railroad` is a metaphorical one. It does not refer to an actual railroad system or trains but rather to the covert network of routes, safe houses, and assistance used to aid enslaved individuals in their escape.

Where did the Underground Railroad lead to?

The Underground Railroad had routes that led from the southern slave states, such as Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, to the northern free states like Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. Some routes extended to Canada, where slavery was abolished.

How many slaves escaped through the Underground Railroad?

The exact number of enslaved individuals who escaped through the Underground Railroad is difficult to determine, as records were often kept secret to protect those involved. Estimates range from tens of thousands to possibly hundreds of thousands.

What were the dangers of using the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a perilous journey for both the escaping slaves and those assisting them. Escaped slaves faced the risk of capture, physical harm, and separation from their families if caught. Those helping them faced legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment, if discovered.

Did the Underground Railroad contribute to the abolition of slavery?

While the Underground Railroad did not directly lead to the abolition of slavery, it played a crucial role in raising awareness about the cruelty and injustice of slavery. The stories of successful escapes and the bravery of those involved helped to fuel the abolitionist movement and promote the idea of emancipation.

Is there a physical Underground Railroad museum or site to visit?

Yes, there are several museums and historical sites dedicated to preserving the history of the Underground Railroad. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center in Church Creek, Maryland, are notable examples.

Historical Marker

The Drake Home and the Underground Railroad

Historical marker location:

21 Franklin Street, Leominster, Massachusetts

( Marker is on Franklin Street, on the right when traveling west.)

Marker installed: 2007

A brief timeline of the Underground Railroad

Late 18th century: The Underground Railroad begins to emerge as a network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans seeking freedom in the northern states or Canada.
1793: The Fugitive Slave Act is passed in the United States, which allows slaveholders to pursue escaped slaves even in free states. This leads to an increase in the number of fugitive slaves seeking refuge through the Underground Railroad.
1810s-1830s: The Underground Railroad grows in prominence and expands its reach. Conductors, individuals who guided fugitive slaves on their journeys, play a vital role in organizing and aiding escape routes.
1831: The publication of "The Liberator," an abolitionist newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison, further brings attention to the cause of abolishing slavery and helps to increase support for the Underground Railroad.
1850: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is passed, strengthening the legal rights of slaveholders and intensifying efforts to capture and return escaped slaves. This leads to increased activity on the Underground Railroad as a response.
1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which exposes the cruelty of slavery and becomes a powerful catalyst for anti-slavery sentiment in the North and beyond.
1857: The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision rules that enslaved African Americans are not entitled to freedom, regardless of whether they are living in free or slave states. This further fuels the urgency and importance of the Underground Railroad as a means of escape.
1861-1865: The American Civil War takes place, providing a significant opportunity for enslaved individuals to escape to Union lines or areas where slavery has been abolished.
Late 1860s: The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, formally abolishing slavery and marking the end of the Underground Railroad.

The Underground Railroad was a clandestine network that operated over several decades, and its history is marked by countless acts of bravery and defiance against the institution of slavery. While this timeline provides a glimpse into its development, it is important to recognize the ongoing efforts of countless individuals who risked their lives to help others attain freedom.

In 1773, the Boston Tea Party occurred, where American colonists disguised as Native Americans dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest British taxation.

About Worcester County

Worcester County, Massachusetts, has a rich history dating back to its establishment in 1731. The area was initially inhabited by various Native American tribes, including the Nipmuc, who called the region Quinsigamond. In 1673, European settlers established a trading post in the area, and by the early 18th century, colonists began to settle permanently.

During the American Revolution, Worcester County played a significant role. In 1774, the county hosted the Worcester Convention, a gathering of Massachusetts towns that denounced British colonial policies. The convention's resolutions helped pave the way for the adoption of the Declaration of Independence two years later. Throughout the war, the county provided soldiers and resources to the Continental Army, and several battles were fought in the region.

In the 19th century, Worcester County became an industrial powerhouse. The construction of the Blackstone Canal and the arrival of the railroad spurred economic growth. The county became a center for manufacturing, with industries such as textiles, machinery, and shoes flourishing. The city of Worcester, located in the heart of the county, became known as the "City of the Seven Hills" and was a hub of commerce and innovation.

In the 20th century, Worcester County continued to evolve, facing both challenges and opportunities. The Great Depression and the decline of manufacturing put a strain on the local economy, but the county rebounded in the post-World War II era. Today, Worcester County is known for its diverse economy, with sectors such as healthcare, education, and biotechnology driving growth. Its rich history, vibrant culture, and scenic landscapes make it a unique and beloved part of Massachusetts.

Worcester County Timeline

This timeline provides a condensed summary of the historical journey of Worcester County, Massachusetts.

1662 - The town of Worcester is officially incorporated.
1713 - The town of Worcester becomes the county seat of newly-formed Worcester County.
1755 - The French and Indian War begins, leading to increased military activity in Worcester County.
1767 - Worcester County's population reaches approximately 15,000.
1781 - The town of Warren is incorporated as a separate town within Worcester County.
1793 - Worcester County's population exceeds 50,000.
1801 - The town of Athol is incorporated.
1835 - The town of Fitchburg is incorporated as a city.
1845 - The Blackstone Canal, connecting Worcester to Providence, Rhode Island, officially opens.
1868 - The town of Clinton is incorporated as a city.
1883 - Worcester County's population surpasses 150,000.
1905 - The city of Worcester is granted a city charter.
1938 - The Great New England Hurricane strikes Worcester County, causing significant damage.
1956 - The construction of the Massachusetts Turnpike begins, passing through Worcester County.
1978 - Worcester County's population reaches over 600,000.
1985 - The Worcester Common Outlets, a major shopping center, opens in Worcester.
2008 - The city of Worcester celebrates its 300th anniversary.