What was the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes, safe houses, and individuals who aided enslaved African Americans in escaping from the southern United States to free states and Canada during the 19th century.

When did the Underground Railroad operate?

The Underground Railroad operated primarily from the late 18th century to the Civil War era, reaching its peak between 1830 and 1860.

Who were the key people involved in the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad involved a network of diverse individuals, including escaped slaves, free African Americans, white abolitionists, Quakers, and other sympathetic individuals who risked their lives to help enslaved people escape to freedom. Harriet Tubman is one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad.

How did the Underground Railroad work?

The Underground Railroad worked through a system of `stations` or safe houses where escaping slaves could find food, shelter, and assistance along their journey to freedom. Conductors, like Harriet Tubman, guided them from one station to another, using secret routes and codes to avoid capture.

Were there actual trains involved in the Underground Railroad?

No, the term `Underground Railroad` is a metaphorical one. It does not refer to an actual railroad system or trains but rather to the covert network of routes, safe houses, and assistance used to aid enslaved individuals in their escape.

Where did the Underground Railroad lead to?

The Underground Railroad had routes that led from the southern slave states, such as Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, to the northern free states like Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. Some routes extended to Canada, where slavery was abolished.

How many slaves escaped through the Underground Railroad?

The exact number of enslaved individuals who escaped through the Underground Railroad is difficult to determine, as records were often kept secret to protect those involved. Estimates range from tens of thousands to possibly hundreds of thousands.

What were the dangers of using the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a perilous journey for both the escaping slaves and those assisting them. Escaped slaves faced the risk of capture, physical harm, and separation from their families if caught. Those helping them faced legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment, if discovered.

Did the Underground Railroad contribute to the abolition of slavery?

While the Underground Railroad did not directly lead to the abolition of slavery, it played a crucial role in raising awareness about the cruelty and injustice of slavery. The stories of successful escapes and the bravery of those involved helped to fuel the abolitionist movement and promote the idea of emancipation.

Is there a physical Underground Railroad museum or site to visit?

Yes, there are several museums and historical sites dedicated to preserving the history of the Underground Railroad. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center in Church Creek, Maryland, are notable examples.

Historical Marker

Racine's Underground Railroad Maritime Link

Historical marker location:

2 Gaslight Point Pile Wall, Racine, Wisconsin

( Marker can be reached from Lake Michigan Pathway.)

Marker installed: 2005

A brief timeline of the Underground Railroad

Late 18th century: The Underground Railroad begins to emerge as a network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans seeking freedom in the northern states or Canada.
1793: The Fugitive Slave Act is passed in the United States, which allows slaveholders to pursue escaped slaves even in free states. This leads to an increase in the number of fugitive slaves seeking refuge through the Underground Railroad.
1810s-1830s: The Underground Railroad grows in prominence and expands its reach. Conductors, individuals who guided fugitive slaves on their journeys, play a vital role in organizing and aiding escape routes.
1831: The publication of "The Liberator," an abolitionist newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison, further brings attention to the cause of abolishing slavery and helps to increase support for the Underground Railroad.
1850: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is passed, strengthening the legal rights of slaveholders and intensifying efforts to capture and return escaped slaves. This leads to increased activity on the Underground Railroad as a response.
1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which exposes the cruelty of slavery and becomes a powerful catalyst for anti-slavery sentiment in the North and beyond.
1857: The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision rules that enslaved African Americans are not entitled to freedom, regardless of whether they are living in free or slave states. This further fuels the urgency and importance of the Underground Railroad as a means of escape.
1861-1865: The American Civil War takes place, providing a significant opportunity for enslaved individuals to escape to Union lines or areas where slavery has been abolished.
Late 1860s: The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, formally abolishing slavery and marking the end of the Underground Railroad.

The Underground Railroad was a clandestine network that operated over several decades, and its history is marked by countless acts of bravery and defiance against the institution of slavery. While this timeline provides a glimpse into its development, it is important to recognize the ongoing efforts of countless individuals who risked their lives to help others attain freedom.

Audiobooks about the history of Wisconsin.

The University of Wisconsin-Madison is the oldest and largest public university in the state, and is often referred to as the "Harvard of the Midwest." It was founded in 1848, just two months after Wisconsin became a state.

About Racine County

Racine County, located in southeastern Wisconsin, has a rich and diverse history that spans several centuries. The area was originally inhabited by Native American tribes, including the Potawatomi, Menominee, and Ho-Chunk peoples who utilized the land for hunting and farming. European exploration of the region began in the late 17th century when French traders arrived in search of furs.

The county's history took a significant turn in the early 19th century with the arrival of settlers from the east. Industry quickly took root as lakefront villages like Racine and Burlington grew into thriving manufacturing centers, fueled by abundant natural resources and access to waterways. Agriculture also played a crucial role, with the fertile soil supporting a strong farming community.

In 1834, Racine County was officially established, named after the French word for "root" due to the area's fertile soil. The county's growth skyrocketed with the advent of the railroad in the mid-19th century, connecting Racine County to larger markets and attracting more industries. Innovation and entrepreneurial spirit flourished, and Racine County became known for producing diverse goods, including furniture, woolen goods, and machinery.

Throughout the 20th century, Racine County continued to evolve. It experienced ups and downs with economic recessions and industrial shifts. The county's manufacturing sector remained vital, but diversified into new industries such as automotive parts, food processing, and healthcare. Today, Racine County is a vibrant community with a strong economy, diverse cultural heritage, and a commitment to growth and sustainability. It boasts a rich history that continues to shape its present and future.

Racine County Timeline

This timeline provides a concise overview of the key events in the history of Racine County, Wisconsin.

1834 - Racine County is officially established and organized
1837 - The City of Racine is incorporated
1848 - The Racine County Courthouse is constructed
1852 - The Racine and Mississippi Railroad connects Racine to the Mississippi River
1854 - The first public school opens in Racine County
1860 - The Village of Burlington becomes the county seat
1878 - The first public library opens in Racine
1880 - The first electric streetcars begin operating in Racine
1913 - The Racine County Infirmary (Racine Manor Nursing Home) is established
1942 - The Belle City Malleable Iron Company (later known as J.I. Case) opens in Racine
1959 - The Racine County Historical Society is founded
1973 - Racine County's first landfill opens in Caledonia
1999 - Racine County's first casino, the Potawatomi Bingo Casino, opens