What was the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes, safe houses, and individuals who aided enslaved African Americans in escaping from the southern United States to free states and Canada during the 19th century.

When did the Underground Railroad operate?

The Underground Railroad operated primarily from the late 18th century to the Civil War era, reaching its peak between 1830 and 1860.

Who were the key people involved in the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad involved a network of diverse individuals, including escaped slaves, free African Americans, white abolitionists, Quakers, and other sympathetic individuals who risked their lives to help enslaved people escape to freedom. Harriet Tubman is one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad.

How did the Underground Railroad work?

The Underground Railroad worked through a system of `stations` or safe houses where escaping slaves could find food, shelter, and assistance along their journey to freedom. Conductors, like Harriet Tubman, guided them from one station to another, using secret routes and codes to avoid capture.

Were there actual trains involved in the Underground Railroad?

No, the term `Underground Railroad` is a metaphorical one. It does not refer to an actual railroad system or trains but rather to the covert network of routes, safe houses, and assistance used to aid enslaved individuals in their escape.

Where did the Underground Railroad lead to?

The Underground Railroad had routes that led from the southern slave states, such as Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, to the northern free states like Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. Some routes extended to Canada, where slavery was abolished.

How many slaves escaped through the Underground Railroad?

The exact number of enslaved individuals who escaped through the Underground Railroad is difficult to determine, as records were often kept secret to protect those involved. Estimates range from tens of thousands to possibly hundreds of thousands.

What were the dangers of using the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a perilous journey for both the escaping slaves and those assisting them. Escaped slaves faced the risk of capture, physical harm, and separation from their families if caught. Those helping them faced legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment, if discovered.

Did the Underground Railroad contribute to the abolition of slavery?

While the Underground Railroad did not directly lead to the abolition of slavery, it played a crucial role in raising awareness about the cruelty and injustice of slavery. The stories of successful escapes and the bravery of those involved helped to fuel the abolitionist movement and promote the idea of emancipation.

Is there a physical Underground Railroad museum or site to visit?

Yes, there are several museums and historical sites dedicated to preserving the history of the Underground Railroad. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center in Church Creek, Maryland, are notable examples.

Historical Marker

The Underground Railroad and Precursors to War

Historical marker location:

York, Pennsylvania

( Marker is at the intersection of Market Street (Pennsylvania Route 462) and West Market Street and North George Street on Market Street.)

Marker installed: 2009

A brief timeline of the Underground Railroad

Late 18th century: The Underground Railroad begins to emerge as a network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans seeking freedom in the northern states or Canada.
1793: The Fugitive Slave Act is passed in the United States, which allows slaveholders to pursue escaped slaves even in free states. This leads to an increase in the number of fugitive slaves seeking refuge through the Underground Railroad.
1810s-1830s: The Underground Railroad grows in prominence and expands its reach. Conductors, individuals who guided fugitive slaves on their journeys, play a vital role in organizing and aiding escape routes.
1831: The publication of "The Liberator," an abolitionist newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison, further brings attention to the cause of abolishing slavery and helps to increase support for the Underground Railroad.
1850: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is passed, strengthening the legal rights of slaveholders and intensifying efforts to capture and return escaped slaves. This leads to increased activity on the Underground Railroad as a response.
1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which exposes the cruelty of slavery and becomes a powerful catalyst for anti-slavery sentiment in the North and beyond.
1857: The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision rules that enslaved African Americans are not entitled to freedom, regardless of whether they are living in free or slave states. This further fuels the urgency and importance of the Underground Railroad as a means of escape.
1861-1865: The American Civil War takes place, providing a significant opportunity for enslaved individuals to escape to Union lines or areas where slavery has been abolished.
Late 1860s: The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, formally abolishing slavery and marking the end of the Underground Railroad.

The Underground Railroad was a clandestine network that operated over several decades, and its history is marked by countless acts of bravery and defiance against the institution of slavery. While this timeline provides a glimpse into its development, it is important to recognize the ongoing efforts of countless individuals who risked their lives to help others attain freedom.

Pennsylvania is the last stronghold of the old steam engine.

About York County

York County, Pennsylvania has a rich history that dates back to its founding in 1749. The area was originally inhabited by Native American tribes, including the Susquehannocks and the Shawnees. European settlers began to arrive in the early 18th century, primarily of German and Scots-Irish descent. York County was named after York, England, and quickly became an important trading and transportation hub due to its location along the Susquehanna River.

During the American Revolution, York County played a significant role. In 1777, the Continental Congress temporarily moved to York, seeking a safe haven from the British forces occupying Philadelphia. The Articles of Confederation, the precursor to the U.S. Constitution, were drafted in York and later ratified in 1781. York County was also the site of the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, which marked a turning point in the Civil War. Many historic buildings and landmarks associated with these events can still be found in the county today.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, industrialization transformed York County. The region became known for its manufacturing, especially in the production of agricultural products, automobiles, and textiles. One of the county's most famous companies is the York Barbell Company, which revolutionized the fitness industry with its weightlifting equipment. Many notable figures, including President John F. Kennedy and boxer Muhammad Ali, visited the company's headquarters. Today, York County is still home to a diverse range of manufacturing and industrial companies.

In recent decades, York County has experienced growth and development while also preserving its historical character. The county boasts numerous historic sites and museums, such as the York County History Center and the Agricultural & Industrial Museum, which provide glimpses into its past. Moreover, the charming town of York is renowned for its colonial architecture and hosts popular events like the York Fair, America's first fair. With a mix of historical significance, natural beauty, and modern amenities, York County continues to be an appealing destination for visitors and residents alike.

York County Timeline

This timeline provides a concise overview of the key events in the history of York County, Pennsylvania.

1749 - York County is formed from part of Lancaster County.
1751 - The town of York is officially laid out and becomes the county seat.
1777 - York serves as the temporary capital of the United States while Philadelphia is occupied by the British during the American Revolution.
1800s - The county experiences significant industrial growth, particularly in the iron and railroad industries.
1863 - During the Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg takes place in neighboring Adams County, resulting in significant casualties in York County.
1903 - The York Peppermint Pattie is invented in York, becoming a popular candy nationwide.
1950s-1960s - York County experiences suburbanization and population growth, with many people moving to the area for employment opportunities.
1973 - The Three Mile Island nuclear accident occurs just south of York County, leading to concerns about radiation exposure.
2000s - The county continues to experience population growth and economic development, with a focus on healthcare, manufacturing, and tourism.