What was the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes, safe houses, and individuals who aided enslaved African Americans in escaping from the southern United States to free states and Canada during the 19th century.

When did the Underground Railroad operate?

The Underground Railroad operated primarily from the late 18th century to the Civil War era, reaching its peak between 1830 and 1860.

Who were the key people involved in the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad involved a network of diverse individuals, including escaped slaves, free African Americans, white abolitionists, Quakers, and other sympathetic individuals who risked their lives to help enslaved people escape to freedom. Harriet Tubman is one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad.

How did the Underground Railroad work?

The Underground Railroad worked through a system of `stations` or safe houses where escaping slaves could find food, shelter, and assistance along their journey to freedom. Conductors, like Harriet Tubman, guided them from one station to another, using secret routes and codes to avoid capture.

Were there actual trains involved in the Underground Railroad?

No, the term `Underground Railroad` is a metaphorical one. It does not refer to an actual railroad system or trains but rather to the covert network of routes, safe houses, and assistance used to aid enslaved individuals in their escape.

Where did the Underground Railroad lead to?

The Underground Railroad had routes that led from the southern slave states, such as Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, to the northern free states like Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. Some routes extended to Canada, where slavery was abolished.

How many slaves escaped through the Underground Railroad?

The exact number of enslaved individuals who escaped through the Underground Railroad is difficult to determine, as records were often kept secret to protect those involved. Estimates range from tens of thousands to possibly hundreds of thousands.

What were the dangers of using the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a perilous journey for both the escaping slaves and those assisting them. Escaped slaves faced the risk of capture, physical harm, and separation from their families if caught. Those helping them faced legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment, if discovered.

Did the Underground Railroad contribute to the abolition of slavery?

While the Underground Railroad did not directly lead to the abolition of slavery, it played a crucial role in raising awareness about the cruelty and injustice of slavery. The stories of successful escapes and the bravery of those involved helped to fuel the abolitionist movement and promote the idea of emancipation.

Is there a physical Underground Railroad museum or site to visit?

Yes, there are several museums and historical sites dedicated to preserving the history of the Underground Railroad. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center in Church Creek, Maryland, are notable examples.

Historical Marker

Underground Railroad Participants

Historical marker location:

1200 Walnut Street, Elmira, New York

A brief timeline of the Underground Railroad

Late 18th century: The Underground Railroad begins to emerge as a network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans seeking freedom in the northern states or Canada.
1793: The Fugitive Slave Act is passed in the United States, which allows slaveholders to pursue escaped slaves even in free states. This leads to an increase in the number of fugitive slaves seeking refuge through the Underground Railroad.
1810s-1830s: The Underground Railroad grows in prominence and expands its reach. Conductors, individuals who guided fugitive slaves on their journeys, play a vital role in organizing and aiding escape routes.
1831: The publication of "The Liberator," an abolitionist newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison, further brings attention to the cause of abolishing slavery and helps to increase support for the Underground Railroad.
1850: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is passed, strengthening the legal rights of slaveholders and intensifying efforts to capture and return escaped slaves. This leads to increased activity on the Underground Railroad as a response.
1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which exposes the cruelty of slavery and becomes a powerful catalyst for anti-slavery sentiment in the North and beyond.
1857: The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision rules that enslaved African Americans are not entitled to freedom, regardless of whether they are living in free or slave states. This further fuels the urgency and importance of the Underground Railroad as a means of escape.
1861-1865: The American Civil War takes place, providing a significant opportunity for enslaved individuals to escape to Union lines or areas where slavery has been abolished.
Late 1860s: The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, formally abolishing slavery and marking the end of the Underground Railroad.

The Underground Railroad was a clandestine network that operated over several decades, and its history is marked by countless acts of bravery and defiance against the institution of slavery. While this timeline provides a glimpse into its development, it is important to recognize the ongoing efforts of countless individuals who risked their lives to help others attain freedom.

New York State was home to several utopian communities in the 19th century, including the Oneida Community in central New York, which practiced communal living and free love, and the Shakers, who were known for their furniture and craftsmanship.

About Chemung County

Chemung County, located in upstate New York, has a rich history that spans several centuries. Its origins can be traced back to the Native American tribes, particularly the Cayuga and the Seneca, who inhabited the region before the arrival of European settlers. The area was subsequently colonized by the British in the 18th century, and there were several skirmishes between the colonizers and Native American groups during the French and Indian War. However, after the American Revolution, the Native American population was progressively displaced.

In the early 19th century, Chemung County experienced significant growth with the construction of the Chemung Canal, which connected the state's southern and northern regions. This canal played a crucial role in stimulating trade and attracting settlers to the area. The county was officially established in 1836, named after the Chemung River that runs through it.

During the mid-19th century, the region became a hub for manufacturing and transportation, with industries such as railroads, lumber, and textiles flourishing. The arrival of the railroad expanded economic opportunities, making Chemung County an important transportation center for the region. The county's largest city, Elmira, emerged as a prosperous industrial center and a key hub on the Erie Railroad line.

In the 20th century, Chemung County experienced its fair share of challenges and successes. It played a significant role during World War II, with the Elmira Correctional Facility being used as a training camp for soldiers. The county continued to thrive with the growth of various industries, including manufacturing, agriculture, and healthcare. Today, Chemung County remains an important part of the Southern Tier region, with a diverse economy and a rich cultural heritage.

Chemung County Timeline

This timeline provides a glimpse into the major events and milestones that have shaped the history of Chemung County, New York.

1779 - Chemung County is settled by European American settlers.
1788 - Chemung County becomes part of Montgomery County.
1791 - Chemung County becomes part of Tioga County.
1836 - Chemung County is established as a separate county.
1854 - The City of Elmira is incorporated in Chemung County.
1861-1865 - During the American Civil War, Elmira serves as a Union Army camp and the site of a prisoner-of-war camp.
1968 - The Chemung County Historical Society is founded.
2002 - The Wings of Eagles Discovery Center, an aerospace museum, opens in Elmira.