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Deer Lodge County, Montana, is rich in history and has played a significant role in the development of the American West. Originally inhabited by Native American tribes such as the Salish and Pend d'Oreille, the area became a focal point for European explorers and fur traders in the early 19th century. The Lewis and Clark Expedition ventured through the region in 1805, followed by fur trappers and traders who established rendezvous points along the Clark Fork River.

The establishment of the Deer Lodge Valley in the mid-1800s brought an influx of settlers seeking to capitalize on the region's natural resources. The discovery of gold in nearby Grasshopper Creek in 1862 led to a gold rush, attracting thousands of prospectors to the area. This prompted the creation of the town of Deer Lodge, which quickly grew as a hub for mining operations and commerce.

With the arrival of the railroad in 1880, Deer Lodge County experienced further growth and prosperity. The town served as a major shipping center for goods and mineral resources, and it became notorious for its saloons and gambling establishments. However, as the mining industry declined in the early 20th century, Deer Lodge shifted its focus towards other economic activities such as agriculture, ranching, and timber.

Throughout its history, Deer Lodge County has also been notable for its role in the development of the criminal justice system in Montana. The Montana State Prison, built in the late 19th century, became known as a maximum-security facility. It housed notorious outlaws such as the "Wild Bunch" members Harry Longabaugh (the Sundance Kid) and Butch Cassidy. Today, Deer Lodge County continues to preserve its rich history through various museums and historical sites, attracting visitors interested in exploring its past.