What are Carnegie Libraries?

Carnegie Libraries are public libraries that were built with financial assistance from philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. These libraries were funded by Carnegie's donations and were established across the United States and other countries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist who made a fortune in the steel industry during the late 19th century. He believed in the importance of education and donated a significant portion of his wealth to fund the construction of public libraries, known as Carnegie Libraries.

Why did Andrew Carnegie fund libraries?

Andrew Carnegie believed that access to knowledge and education was vital for individual and societal progress. He funded libraries as a way to provide free access to books and learning resources to communities, particularly those that lacked access to educational opportunities.

How many Carnegie Libraries were built?

Between 1883 and 1929, Carnegie's donations led to the construction of over 2,500 libraries worldwide. The majority of these libraries were built in the United States, with others in countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

What was the process to receive funding for a Carnegie Library?

Communities seeking funding for a Carnegie Library had to submit a formal application to Carnegie's foundation, providing details about their need for a library, willingness to maintain the library, and plans for site selection and ongoing funding. Carnegie's foundation would then review the application and approve or deny the request.

What were the architectural features of Carnegie Libraries?

Carnegie Libraries often featured neoclassical architectural styles, reflecting the prevailing design preferences of the time. Many were designed by prominent architects and showcased features like grand entrances, decorative facades, and large reading rooms with high ceilings and natural light.

Were all Carnegie Libraries the same?

While Carnegie Libraries shared the common purpose of providing public access to books and knowledge, their sizes and designs varied depending on the community's needs and available funding. Some libraries were smaller, single-room facilities, while others were larger, multi-story buildings.

Are Carnegie Libraries still in use today?

Many Carnegie Libraries are still in use today, serving as public libraries, community centers, museums, or other cultural institutions. Some have undergone renovations or expansions to accommodate modern needs, while others remain relatively unchanged.

Did Carnegie Libraries have any specific requirements or conditions?

Carnegie's donations often came with conditions. For example, communities were expected to provide a suitable site for the library, commit to maintaining the facility, and allocate a portion of their annual budget for library operations. Additionally, racial segregation was sometimes enforced in Carnegie Libraries, reflecting the social norms of the era.

What is the legacy of Carnegie Libraries?

The Carnegie Library initiative had a significant impact on public library development worldwide. It expanded access to education, promoted literacy, and served as a model for future library systems. The libraries continue to play a crucial role in communities by providing free access to knowledge and fostering a love of reading.

Historical Marker

Carnegie Library

Historical marker location:

Hibbing, Minnesota

( Marker is on Lincoln Street east of 2nd Avenue North, on the left when traveling east.)

A brief timeline of the history of Carnegie Libraries

1881: Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist, begins his philanthropic efforts in library construction by donating funds to build the Braddock Library in Pennsylvania.
1883: The first "Carnegie Library" is officially established in Dunfermline, Scotland, Carnegie's birthplace. This library serves as a model for future Carnegie Libraries.
1886: Carnegie writes an article titled "Wealth," where he articulates his belief in philanthropy and the responsibility of the wealthy to give back to society.
1889: The Carnegie Corporation of New York is established with the aim of funding the construction of libraries across the United States and other English-speaking countries.
1893: The first Carnegie Library in the United States, the Carnegie Library of Braddock in Pennsylvania, is opened to the public.
Late 1890s to early 1900s: The construction of Carnegie Libraries spreads rapidly throughout the United States and other parts of the English-speaking world, including Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The libraries are often designed by prominent architects and feature diverse architectural styles.
1901: The Carnegie Corporation of New York is founded as a philanthropic organization to manage and administer Andrew Carnegie's charitable projects, including the library program.
1902: Carnegie makes a significant endowment, donating $10 million to establish the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Institute includes a library, an art gallery, and a natural history museum.
1917: Andrew Carnegie dies, leaving a lasting legacy of philanthropy, including the establishment of thousands of libraries around the world.
1920s-1930s: The construction of Carnegie Libraries gradually slows down, and the focus shifts to maintaining and updating existing libraries to meet changing community needs.
Late 20th century to present: Many Carnegie Libraries undergo renovations, expansions, or repurposing to adapt to modern library services and technological advancements. Some continue to operate as public libraries, while others have been transformed into cultural centers, museums, community spaces, or educational institutions.

The Carnegie Libraries have left an indelible mark on the accessibility of knowledge and education. They remain a testament to Andrew Carnegie's belief in the power of libraries to uplift communities and provide opportunities for personal and intellectual growth.

The oldest public wildflower garden in the United States, the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden, is located in Theodore Wirth Park in Minneapolis.

About St. Louis County

St. Louis County, located in northeastern Minnesota, has a rich history dating back thousands of years. It is home to several indigenous tribes, including the Ojibwe and Dakota, who first settled the area. The region's natural resources, such as timber and minerals, attracted European explorers in the 17th century, but was officially established as a county in 1855.

During the late 19th century, St. Louis County experienced a massive population boom due to the discovery of iron ore in the Mesabi Range. The mining industry quickly grew, attracting immigrants from all over the world, particularly from Finland, Sweden, and Italy. The mining towns of Hibbing, Virginia, and Eveleth emerged as major centers of industry, fueling the economic growth of the county.

In the early 20th century, St. Louis County faced challenges as the mining industry went through periods of fluctuation. A major event was the Mesabi Range Strike of 1916, when thousands of miners demanded better working conditions and higher wages. The strike was met with violence and resulted in several deaths. However, it also paved the way for improvements in labor rights and safety regulations in the mining industry.

In recent years, St. Louis County has diversified its economy by focusing on tourism, healthcare, education, and technology. The county is home to numerous natural attractions, including the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Lake Superior. Additionally, the county is home to the city of Duluth, which has become a regional center for healthcare and education. This blend of natural beauty and urban development continues to shape the history and future of St. Louis County, MN.

St. Louis County Timeline

This timeline provides a glimpse into the major events and milestones that have shaped the history of St. Louis County, Minnesota.

1849 - St. Louis County is established on February 20th.
1858 - The first courthouse is built in Duluth.
1884 - The Great Hinckley Fire devastates parts of St. Louis County.
1893 - The Duluth Ship Canal is completed, connecting Lake Superior to the Duluth Harbor.
1915 - The Duluth, Missabe and Northern Railway is formed, stimulating economic growth in the region.
1941 - The Duluth Air Base (later renamed Duluth International Airport) is established.
1975 - The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness is established, preserving vast areas of St. Louis County.
1984 - The city of Virginia becomes the county seat, replacing Duluth.
1992 - The Great Flood of 1992 causes significant damage to infrastructure and communities in St. Louis County.