What was the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes, safe houses, and individuals who aided enslaved African Americans in escaping from the southern United States to free states and Canada during the 19th century.

When did the Underground Railroad operate?

The Underground Railroad operated primarily from the late 18th century to the Civil War era, reaching its peak between 1830 and 1860.

Who were the key people involved in the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad involved a network of diverse individuals, including escaped slaves, free African Americans, white abolitionists, Quakers, and other sympathetic individuals who risked their lives to help enslaved people escape to freedom. Harriet Tubman is one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad.

How did the Underground Railroad work?

The Underground Railroad worked through a system of `stations` or safe houses where escaping slaves could find food, shelter, and assistance along their journey to freedom. Conductors, like Harriet Tubman, guided them from one station to another, using secret routes and codes to avoid capture.

Were there actual trains involved in the Underground Railroad?

No, the term `Underground Railroad` is a metaphorical one. It does not refer to an actual railroad system or trains but rather to the covert network of routes, safe houses, and assistance used to aid enslaved individuals in their escape.

Where did the Underground Railroad lead to?

The Underground Railroad had routes that led from the southern slave states, such as Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, to the northern free states like Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. Some routes extended to Canada, where slavery was abolished.

How many slaves escaped through the Underground Railroad?

The exact number of enslaved individuals who escaped through the Underground Railroad is difficult to determine, as records were often kept secret to protect those involved. Estimates range from tens of thousands to possibly hundreds of thousands.

What were the dangers of using the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a perilous journey for both the escaping slaves and those assisting them. Escaped slaves faced the risk of capture, physical harm, and separation from their families if caught. Those helping them faced legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment, if discovered.

Did the Underground Railroad contribute to the abolition of slavery?

While the Underground Railroad did not directly lead to the abolition of slavery, it played a crucial role in raising awareness about the cruelty and injustice of slavery. The stories of successful escapes and the bravery of those involved helped to fuel the abolitionist movement and promote the idea of emancipation.

Is there a physical Underground Railroad museum or site to visit?

Yes, there are several museums and historical sites dedicated to preserving the history of the Underground Railroad. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center in Church Creek, Maryland, are notable examples.

Historical Marker

Historic Sites Allegedly Connected to the Underground Railroad / Mamma Annie Matthews

Historical marker location:

18524 Brooke Rd, Sandy Spring, Maryland

( Marker is on Brooke Road, 0.1 miles west of Chandlee Mill Road, on the right when traveling west.)

Sandy Spring African American Heritage Trail. [Sandy Spring Slave Museum & African Art Gallery]

A brief timeline of the Underground Railroad

Late 18th century: The Underground Railroad begins to emerge as a network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans seeking freedom in the northern states or Canada.
1793: The Fugitive Slave Act is passed in the United States, which allows slaveholders to pursue escaped slaves even in free states. This leads to an increase in the number of fugitive slaves seeking refuge through the Underground Railroad.
1810s-1830s: The Underground Railroad grows in prominence and expands its reach. Conductors, individuals who guided fugitive slaves on their journeys, play a vital role in organizing and aiding escape routes.
1831: The publication of "The Liberator," an abolitionist newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison, further brings attention to the cause of abolishing slavery and helps to increase support for the Underground Railroad.
1850: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is passed, strengthening the legal rights of slaveholders and intensifying efforts to capture and return escaped slaves. This leads to increased activity on the Underground Railroad as a response.
1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which exposes the cruelty of slavery and becomes a powerful catalyst for anti-slavery sentiment in the North and beyond.
1857: The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision rules that enslaved African Americans are not entitled to freedom, regardless of whether they are living in free or slave states. This further fuels the urgency and importance of the Underground Railroad as a means of escape.
1861-1865: The American Civil War takes place, providing a significant opportunity for enslaved individuals to escape to Union lines or areas where slavery has been abolished.
Late 1860s: The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, formally abolishing slavery and marking the end of the Underground Railroad.

The Underground Railroad was a clandestine network that operated over several decades, and its history is marked by countless acts of bravery and defiance against the institution of slavery. While this timeline provides a glimpse into its development, it is important to recognize the ongoing efforts of countless individuals who risked their lives to help others attain freedom.

Audiobooks about the history of Maryland.

Maryland was once a center of the slave trade: Maryland was one of the thirteen colonies that allowed slavery, and by the mid-18th century, it had become a major center of the domestic slave trade. Maryland slave traders sold enslaved people to plantation owners in other southern colonies and to the Caribbean.

About Montgomery County

Montgomery County, Maryland has a rich and diverse history that spans centuries. Before European settlement, the area was inhabited by various Native American tribes, including the Piscataway and the Seneca. The first European explorers arrived in the 17th century, with English settlers establishing tobacco plantations along the Potomac River. The county was officially formed in 1776, named after General Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War hero.

During the 19th century, Montgomery County remained predominantly agricultural, with farms and small villages dotting the landscape. The construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in the 1820s brought economic growth and trade to the county's towns located along the canal route. In 1852, the arrival of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad further stimulated development, connecting the county to other parts of Maryland and neighboring states.

In the 20th century, Montgomery County experienced significant suburbanization as Washington, D.C. expanded. The county became an attractive residential area for people working in the nation's capital. The completion of the Capital Beltway in the 1960s facilitated commuting and led to further growth and development. Montgomery County became known for its excellent schools, diverse neighborhoods, and a thriving economy, attracting people from various backgrounds and cultures.

Today, Montgomery County is one of the most populous and affluent counties in Maryland. It is home to a vibrant and diverse community, with a strong economy driven by industries such as biotechnology, healthcare, government agencies, and education. The county offers a wide range of recreational amenities, from parks and hiking trails to cultural institutions and shopping centers.

Montgomery County Timeline

This timeline provides a glimpse into the major events and milestones that have shaped the history of Montgomery County, Maryland.

1694 - Montgomery County established as part of Maryland colony
1700s - Early settlements and growth in agriculture
1776 - Montgomery County residents support American Revolution
1801 - Capital of the United States moves to Washington, D.C., just south of Montgomery County
1850s - Construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal brings economic development
1861-1865 - Montgomery County residents participate in the American Civil War
1873 - Great Montgomery County Fair established
1878 - Founding of the Maryland Agricultural College (now University of Maryland)
1890s - Introduction of electric streetcars
1950s - Suburbanization and rapid population growth
1970s - Construction of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority's Red Line
1980s - Establishment of technology and biotechnology industries in the county
2000s - Growth of diverse communities and emphasis on environmental sustainability