Historical Marker

The Homesite of Raphael D'Ortolan

Historical marker location:
The Bluffs at Mill Branch subdivision on County Road 775, Nacogdoches, Texas
( 1.08 miles north of intersection of CR 755 and FM225; west side of road in northeastern end of Lot 24)
Marker installed: 2012
Marker size: 27" x 42" with post

Don Bernardo D’Ortolan (1750-1821), a French native and captain in the Spanish militia, lived near Nacogdoches as a farmer with his two sons and nine slaves, including Marie Juana and her six children. Bernardo’s relationship with Marie Juana appears complex and it is believed that he fathered one or more of her children, including Raphael D’Ortolan (1788-1839). Little is known about Raphael’s childhood except for his baptism in Natchitoches shortly after his birth. When Raphael was 25, Bernardo fled the area due to his involvement in the Gutierrez-Magee Revolt and left the rancho in Raphael’s care. Raphael maintained the rancho and occasionally played host to visitors and travelers along El Camino Real De Los Tejas.

In 1821, in accordance with Bernardo’s will, Raphael was granted his freedom. For the next 18 years, Raphael lived as a free man on the land where he grew up. He married Josefa Lopes and had three children. Raphael demonstrated his free legal status by testifying in court, contributing to community projects and efforts, and paying rent and taxes. When the Republic of Texas won its independence from Mexico, many members of established Hispanic, African and Mulatto freemen and Native American families suddenly were disenfranchised and dispossessed. In response, Vicente Cordova and a group of multi-ethnic Mexican loyalists revolted in 1838. In 1839, the group was attacked by Gen. Burleson near Seguin while attempting to escape to Mexico. Nineteen men were taken prisoner, including Raphael. Refusing to be sold into slavery, Raphael was blindfolded and shot. Raphael’s life represents the untold story of African Creoles on the Spanish Colonial frontier

As one of the most visible programs of the Texas Historical Commission (THC), historical markers commemorate diverse topics in Texas history, including: the history and architecture of houses, commercial and public buildings, religious congregations, and military sites; events that changed the course of local and state history; and individuals who have made lasting contributions to the state, community organizations, and businesses.

ranching Period of Spanish governance
Texas was once an independent country: After winning its independence from Mexico in 1836, Texas became its own country, known as the Republic of Texas. It existed as an independent nation for nine years before being annexed by the United States in 1845.
Texas random facts
Nacogdoches County, Texas has a rich and deeply rooted history. The area's first inhabitants were indigenous Native American tribes, including the Caddo and Lipan Apache. European exploration reached the region in the early 18th century, with Spanish explorers establishing missions and settlements. Nacogdoches, founded in 1779, is the oldest town in Texas and served as a vital center for trade and commerce during the Spanish and Mexican periods.

During the Texas Revolution, Nacogdoches County played a significant role. It became a hotbed of support for the Texian cause, hosting important political meetings and serving as a training ground for volunteers. In 1836, General Sam Houston rallied troops in Nacogdoches before leading them to victory in the Battle of San Jacinto, securing Texas' independence from Mexico.

The county's economy flourished in the mid-19th century, driven by the booming lumber industry. Abundant pine forests attracted sawmills, leading Nacogdoches to become known as the "Gateway City to the Piney Woods." Railroads further facilitated economic growth, linking the area to major markets and fueling the development of thriving towns.

In the 20th century, Nacogdoches County continued to evolve, diversifying its economy beyond lumber and timber. The establishment of Stephen F. Austin State University in 1923 brought educational and cultural opportunities to the area. Today, Nacogdoches County retains its rich historical character while embracing modernization, attracting visitors with its vibrant downtown, historical sites, and natural beauty.

This timeline provides a condensed summary of the historical journey of Nacogdoches County, Texas.

  • 1721 - Spanish settlers establish a mission called Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches, marking the earliest European presence in the area.
  • 1779 - Nacogdoches becomes the easternmost settlement in Spanish Texas when the Spanish government authorizes the town's relocation.
  • 1826 - Mexican authorities officially separate Nacogdoches from the Department of Bexar and establish it as a municipality.
  • 1836 - The Battle of Nacogdoches occurs during the Texas Revolution, with Texian forces defeating Mexican troops.
  • 1838 - Nacogdoches becomes the first English-speaking settlement to be incorporated by the Republic of Texas.
  • 1845 - Nacogdoches County is established as one of the original counties of the newly admitted state of Texas.
  • 1870 - The arrival of railroads spurs economic growth and development in Nacogdoches County.
  • 1902 - Stephen F. Austin State Normal School (now Stephen F. Austin State University) is established in Nacogdoches.
  • 1938 - The Texas State Railroad begins operating, providing transportation for timber and passengers.
  • 1986 - The Nacogdoches Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
  • 1989 - The Texas Legislature designates Nacogdoches as the "Oldest Town in Texas" due to its long history of continuous settlement.
  • 2005 - Nacogdoches experiences significant damage and power outages due to Hurricane Rita.
  • 2010 - The population of Nacogdoches County reaches over 64,000 residents.