Matanza of 1915
Historical marker location:In the late 19th and early 20th century, racial tensions near the United
States - Mexico border and the lower Rio Grande Valley erupted into violence.
The change from ranching to commercial agriculture and a shift in racial
hierarchies led to increased discrimination against Mexican Americans and
Mexicans in the region. In addition, economic problems and the Mexican
Revolution increased the immigrant population to Texas. This influx along with
the rise in Anglo immigration to South Texas increased racial tensions.
Law enforcement and vigilante groups used violence and intimidation to quell,
and at times respond to, a growing movement referred to as Revolucion De Texas.
Some Mexicans and Mexican Americans envisioned this movement as a fight against
discrimination, while some in law enforcement perceived it as a threat to new
Anglo migrations in the area. The section of highway between San Benito and
Brownsville was the site of countless killings of prisoners without due
process. One of the first victims was Rudolfo Muniz, who was lynched on this
road on July 29, 1915, while in the custody of local law enforcement. It is
estimated that hundreds, possibly thousands, of Mexican Americans and Mexicans
were killed.
Out of fear, many families fled Brownsville to Matamoros. A contemporary
newspaper editorial referred to this period as the Matanza (Massacre) of 1915.
In 1919, the Texas Legislature conducted a formal investigation into state and
local law enforcement practices. The Texas Rangers were reorganized as a
result. Memories of the Matanza continue through scattered records and oral
tradition, reflecting difficulties in recounting this violent yet pivotal time
in Texas History. (2014)
As one of the most visible programs of the Texas Historical Commission (THC), historical markers commemorate diverse topics in Texas history, including: the history and architecture of houses, commercial and public buildings, religious congregations, and military sites; events that changed the course of local and state history; and individuals who have made lasting contributions to the state, community organizations, and businesses.
The cattle industry played a significant role in the development of Texas, with cowboys driving cattle from Texas to railheads in Kansas during the late 1800s and early 1900s.
In the early 18th century, the Spanish established a presence in the area through the construction of missions and the establishment of ranches. This period saw the growth of agriculture and the introduction of Catholicism to the local population. However, these Spanish settlements faced numerous challenges, including conflicts with Native Americans and French incursions from Louisiana.
In the early 19th century, the area became part of Mexico after gaining independence from Spain. This period was marked by political instability, as Mexico went through numerous changes in leadership. In 1845, the region became part of the newly annexed state of Texas and experienced a surge in population as American settlers arrived. The county was officially named Cameron in 1848 after Ewen Cameron, an early settler and landowner.
The 20th century brought significant economic growth to Cameron County through the development of agriculture, oil, and tourism. The county became an important agricultural center, with cotton, vegetables, and citrus fruits being major crops. The discovery of oil in the nearby Gulf of Mexico also brought economic prosperity, leading to the establishment of a major oil industry in the region. Additionally, the county's beautiful beaches and warm climate attracted tourists, leading to the growth of the tourism industry.
Today, Cameron County continues to be an important agricultural and industrial region in Texas. It is home to a diverse population and remains a popular tourist destination, with its stunning beaches, historical sites, and natural beauty attracting visitors from around the world. The county's rich history is celebrated through various museums, festivals, and cultural events, showcasing the colorful past that has shaped Cameron County into what it is today.
Cameron County Timeline
This timeline provides a concise overview of the key events in the history of Cameron County, Texas.
- 1848: Cameron County is established as one of the original counties of Texas.
- 1850: The first federal census is conducted in Cameron County, recording a population of 285 residents.
- 1866: The first wooden courthouse is built in Brownsville, the county seat of Cameron County.
- 1875: The Rio Grande Railroad reaches Brownsville, boosting economic growth in the county.
- 1893: The current Cameron County Courthouse is completed in Brownsville.
- 1909: The first automobile bridge across the Rio Grande River is built, connecting Brownsville with Matamoros, Mexico.
- 1925: The Port of Brownsville is established, becoming a major hub for trade and commerce.
- 1933: The construction of the Brownsville Ship Channel begins, further enhancing the county's maritime capabilities.
- 1967: The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (formerly known as Pan American University) is established.
- 2017: Cameron County experiences significant damage from Hurricane Harvey, leading to large-scale recovery efforts.