What was the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes, safe houses, and individuals who aided enslaved African Americans in escaping from the southern United States to free states and Canada during the 19th century.

When did the Underground Railroad operate?

The Underground Railroad operated primarily from the late 18th century to the Civil War era, reaching its peak between 1830 and 1860.

Who were the key people involved in the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad involved a network of diverse individuals, including escaped slaves, free African Americans, white abolitionists, Quakers, and other sympathetic individuals who risked their lives to help enslaved people escape to freedom. Harriet Tubman is one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad.

How did the Underground Railroad work?

The Underground Railroad worked through a system of `stations` or safe houses where escaping slaves could find food, shelter, and assistance along their journey to freedom. Conductors, like Harriet Tubman, guided them from one station to another, using secret routes and codes to avoid capture.

Were there actual trains involved in the Underground Railroad?

No, the term `Underground Railroad` is a metaphorical one. It does not refer to an actual railroad system or trains but rather to the covert network of routes, safe houses, and assistance used to aid enslaved individuals in their escape.

Where did the Underground Railroad lead to?

The Underground Railroad had routes that led from the southern slave states, such as Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, to the northern free states like Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. Some routes extended to Canada, where slavery was abolished.

How many slaves escaped through the Underground Railroad?

The exact number of enslaved individuals who escaped through the Underground Railroad is difficult to determine, as records were often kept secret to protect those involved. Estimates range from tens of thousands to possibly hundreds of thousands.

What were the dangers of using the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a perilous journey for both the escaping slaves and those assisting them. Escaped slaves faced the risk of capture, physical harm, and separation from their families if caught. Those helping them faced legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment, if discovered.

Did the Underground Railroad contribute to the abolition of slavery?

While the Underground Railroad did not directly lead to the abolition of slavery, it played a crucial role in raising awareness about the cruelty and injustice of slavery. The stories of successful escapes and the bravery of those involved helped to fuel the abolitionist movement and promote the idea of emancipation.

Is there a physical Underground Railroad museum or site to visit?

Yes, there are several museums and historical sites dedicated to preserving the history of the Underground Railroad. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center in Church Creek, Maryland, are notable examples.

Historical Marker

Site of an Underground Railroad Station

Historical marker location:

98 West Genesee Street, Skaneateles, New York

( Marker is on West Genesee Street (U.S. 20) near Fuller Street, on the right when traveling west.)

Marker installed: 1999

A brief timeline of the Underground Railroad

Late 18th century: The Underground Railroad begins to emerge as a network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans seeking freedom in the northern states or Canada.
1793: The Fugitive Slave Act is passed in the United States, which allows slaveholders to pursue escaped slaves even in free states. This leads to an increase in the number of fugitive slaves seeking refuge through the Underground Railroad.
1810s-1830s: The Underground Railroad grows in prominence and expands its reach. Conductors, individuals who guided fugitive slaves on their journeys, play a vital role in organizing and aiding escape routes.
1831: The publication of "The Liberator," an abolitionist newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison, further brings attention to the cause of abolishing slavery and helps to increase support for the Underground Railroad.
1850: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is passed, strengthening the legal rights of slaveholders and intensifying efforts to capture and return escaped slaves. This leads to increased activity on the Underground Railroad as a response.
1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which exposes the cruelty of slavery and becomes a powerful catalyst for anti-slavery sentiment in the North and beyond.
1857: The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision rules that enslaved African Americans are not entitled to freedom, regardless of whether they are living in free or slave states. This further fuels the urgency and importance of the Underground Railroad as a means of escape.
1861-1865: The American Civil War takes place, providing a significant opportunity for enslaved individuals to escape to Union lines or areas where slavery has been abolished.
Late 1860s: The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, formally abolishing slavery and marking the end of the Underground Railroad.

The Underground Railroad was a clandestine network that operated over several decades, and its history is marked by countless acts of bravery and defiance against the institution of slavery. While this timeline provides a glimpse into its development, it is important to recognize the ongoing efforts of countless individuals who risked their lives to help others attain freedom.

The Woodstock Music Festival, which is considered a seminal moment in American cultural history, did not actually take place in the town of Woodstock, New York. The festival was held on a dairy farm in nearby Bethel, New York, about 60 miles south of Woodstock.

About Onondaga County

Onondaga County, located in central New York, has a rich history dating back thousands of years. It was originally inhabited by the Onondaga nation, one of the six nations that formed the Iroquois Confederacy. The Onondaga people were skilled farmers and traders, and their influence extended throughout the region. In 1654, French Jesuit missionaries established a mission in the area, marking the first European presence.

The arrival of European settlers in the late 18th century brought significant changes to Onondaga County. In 1794, the area became part of the newly created Onondaga County, named after the Onondaga people. Syracuse, the county seat and current largest city, was founded in 1820 and quickly grew due to its advantageous location for transportation and industry. The construction of the Erie Canal, completed in 1825, further boosted the region's development by facilitating trade and connecting New York City with the Great Lakes.

By the mid-19th century, Onondaga County became an industrial hub, with a booming salt industry, manufacturing, and trade. The county's salt reserves were highly valuable, earning Syracuse the nickname "Salt City." The region also played a significant role in the abolitionist movement, with notable figures such as Harriet Tubman and Gerrit Smith actively involved in the Underground Railroad.

In the 20th century, Onondaga County continued to thrive, embracing innovation and industry. The area witnessed the growth of Syracuse University, established in 1870, as well as the development of various manufacturing sectors including automobiles, electronics, and defense. Today, Onondaga County remains a vibrant and diverse community, blending its rich history with modern advancements in education, technology, and cultural heritage.

Onondaga County Timeline

This timeline provides a concise overview of the key events in the history of Onondaga County, New York.

1600s - The area that would become Onondaga County is home to the Onondaga Nation, one of the six nations of the Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois Confederacy.
1779 - The Sullivan Expedition, led by General John Sullivan, devastates Onondaga settlements in retaliation for their support of the British during the American Revolution.
1784 - The Treaty of Fort Stanwix is signed, establishing boundaries and reaffirming the sovereignty of the Onondaga Nation.
1794 - Onondaga County is created as part of the newly formed state of New York.
1825 - The Erie Canal opens, connecting Onondaga County and Syracuse to the Great Lakes and transforming the region into a major transportation hub.
1834 - The city of Syracuse is officially incorporated.
1848 - The discovery of salt deposits near Syracuse leads to the development of a lucrative salt industry in the area.
1871 - Syracuse University is established.
1878 - The city of Syracuse becomes the county seat of Onondaga County.
1946 - The post-World War II era sees significant growth and development in Onondaga County, with expanding industries and infrastructure.
1971 - Destiny USA, one of the largest malls in the United States, opens in Syracuse.
2021 - Onondaga County continues to be a vibrant region with a diverse economy, including sectors such as healthcare, education, technology, and tourism.