What was the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes, safe houses, and individuals who aided enslaved African Americans in escaping from the southern United States to free states and Canada during the 19th century.

When did the Underground Railroad operate?

The Underground Railroad operated primarily from the late 18th century to the Civil War era, reaching its peak between 1830 and 1860.

Who were the key people involved in the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad involved a network of diverse individuals, including escaped slaves, free African Americans, white abolitionists, Quakers, and other sympathetic individuals who risked their lives to help enslaved people escape to freedom. Harriet Tubman is one of the most famous conductors of the Underground Railroad.

How did the Underground Railroad work?

The Underground Railroad worked through a system of `stations` or safe houses where escaping slaves could find food, shelter, and assistance along their journey to freedom. Conductors, like Harriet Tubman, guided them from one station to another, using secret routes and codes to avoid capture.

Were there actual trains involved in the Underground Railroad?

No, the term `Underground Railroad` is a metaphorical one. It does not refer to an actual railroad system or trains but rather to the covert network of routes, safe houses, and assistance used to aid enslaved individuals in their escape.

Where did the Underground Railroad lead to?

The Underground Railroad had routes that led from the southern slave states, such as Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, to the northern free states like Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. Some routes extended to Canada, where slavery was abolished.

How many slaves escaped through the Underground Railroad?

The exact number of enslaved individuals who escaped through the Underground Railroad is difficult to determine, as records were often kept secret to protect those involved. Estimates range from tens of thousands to possibly hundreds of thousands.

What were the dangers of using the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad was a perilous journey for both the escaping slaves and those assisting them. Escaped slaves faced the risk of capture, physical harm, and separation from their families if caught. Those helping them faced legal consequences, including fines and imprisonment, if discovered.

Did the Underground Railroad contribute to the abolition of slavery?

While the Underground Railroad did not directly lead to the abolition of slavery, it played a crucial role in raising awareness about the cruelty and injustice of slavery. The stories of successful escapes and the bravery of those involved helped to fuel the abolitionist movement and promote the idea of emancipation.

Is there a physical Underground Railroad museum or site to visit?

Yes, there are several museums and historical sites dedicated to preserving the history of the Underground Railroad. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center in Church Creek, Maryland, are notable examples.

Historical Marker

Underground Railroad

Historical marker location:

Keeseville, New York

( Marker is on Ausable Street, 0.1 miles north of Main Street (New York State Route 22), on the right when traveling north.)

Marker installed: 1950

A brief timeline of the Underground Railroad

Late 18th century: The Underground Railroad begins to emerge as a network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans seeking freedom in the northern states or Canada.
1793: The Fugitive Slave Act is passed in the United States, which allows slaveholders to pursue escaped slaves even in free states. This leads to an increase in the number of fugitive slaves seeking refuge through the Underground Railroad.
1810s-1830s: The Underground Railroad grows in prominence and expands its reach. Conductors, individuals who guided fugitive slaves on their journeys, play a vital role in organizing and aiding escape routes.
1831: The publication of "The Liberator," an abolitionist newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison, further brings attention to the cause of abolishing slavery and helps to increase support for the Underground Railroad.
1850: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 is passed, strengthening the legal rights of slaveholders and intensifying efforts to capture and return escaped slaves. This leads to increased activity on the Underground Railroad as a response.
1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which exposes the cruelty of slavery and becomes a powerful catalyst for anti-slavery sentiment in the North and beyond.
1857: The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision rules that enslaved African Americans are not entitled to freedom, regardless of whether they are living in free or slave states. This further fuels the urgency and importance of the Underground Railroad as a means of escape.
1861-1865: The American Civil War takes place, providing a significant opportunity for enslaved individuals to escape to Union lines or areas where slavery has been abolished.
Late 1860s: The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, formally abolishing slavery and marking the end of the Underground Railroad.

The Underground Railroad was a clandestine network that operated over several decades, and its history is marked by countless acts of bravery and defiance against the institution of slavery. While this timeline provides a glimpse into its development, it is important to recognize the ongoing efforts of countless individuals who risked their lives to help others attain freedom.

The first recorded jazz concert took place in New York City in 1917, featuring a band led by the pianist James Reese Europe. Jazz music would go on to become a defining feature of New York's cultural scene, with legendary clubs like the Cotton Club and the Village Vanguard.

About Clinton County

Clinton County, NY, located in northeastern New York State, has a rich and diverse history that dates back thousands of years. The region was initially inhabited by Indigenous peoples, primarily the Mohawk and Abenaki tribes, who relied on the abundant natural resources for sustenance and trade. In the 17th century, European explorers, such as Samuel de Champlain, began to arrive in the area, establishing fur trading posts and initiating contact with the native population.

European colonization came in the early 19th century when settlers began to establish permanent communities. In 1785, Clinton County was officially formed and named after George Clinton, the first Governor of New York State, and later Vice President of the United States. The county's strategic location along Lake Champlain and proximity to Canada made it an important transportation hub in the region.

During the 19th century, Clinton County played a significant role in the development of the nation's transportation network. The construction of the Erie Canal in the early 1820s provided a vital waterway connection for trade between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. In addition to water transportation, the region became a hub for rail travel with the completion of the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad in 1851, further contributing to the county's economic growth.

In the 20th century, Clinton County experienced various economic transformations. The Plattsburgh Air Force Base, established in 1954, brought substantial military and civilian employment opportunities to the area and stimulated economic growth. The base played a crucial role during the Cold War and continued operations until its closure in 1995. Today, Clinton County remains an essential economic center, with a diverse range of industries including agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism, thanks to its natural beauty and historical significance.

Clinton County Timeline

This timeline provides a condensed summary of the historical journey of Clinton County, New York.

17th century - The region is inhabited by Native American tribes, including the Iroquois Confederacy.
1609 - French explorer Samuel de Champlain is believed to be the first European to visit the area.
1763 - The Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War, and the region becomes part of British North America.
1775-1783 - Clinton County is part of the American Revolutionary War, with British forces occupying the area.
1788 - Clinton County is established as part of the state of New York.
1802 - Plattsburgh becomes the county seat.
1812 - The Battle of Plattsburgh takes place during the War of 1812, with American forces successfully defending against a British invasion.
1824 - Clinton County's borders are adjusted, reducing its size.
1889 - The canals era ends with the completion of the Champlain Canal, which connects Lake Champlain to the Hudson River.
1909 - Construction of the Plattsburgh Air Force Base begins; it becomes a key military installation and economic driver for the region.
1995 - The Plattsburgh Air Force Base is closed, leading to a transition towards a more diversified economy.
Present - Clinton County is known for its natural beauty, outdoor recreation opportunities, and its economic sectors including agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing.