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Dawes County, Nebraska, is located in the western part of the state and has a rich history dating back thousands of years. The area has been inhabited by Native American tribes such as the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Omaha, who utilized the land for hunting and gathering. European settlement began in the mid-19th century when pioneers started to pass through on their way to California during the Gold Rush.

In 1877, the Fort Robinson military post was established as a strategic location during the Indian Wars. It served as a key outpost in conflicts with Native American tribes and played a crucial role in the capture of famed Lakota Sioux Chief Crazy Horse in 1877. The fort became an essential supply center and played a significant role in the development of the region.

Dawes County was officially established on February 19, 1885, and was named after Henry L. Dawes, a United States Senator from Massachusetts who played a prominent role in the passage of the Dawes Act of 1887. This act aimed to encourage Native Americans to assimilate into American society by dividing tribal lands into individual allotments. The county's first settlement, Chadron, was selected as the county seat.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Dawes County experienced growth and development. Agriculture became a primary industry, with settlers cultivating crops and raising livestock. The county also saw the establishment of schools, churches, and businesses. Today, Dawes County preserves its history through museums, heritage sites, and events that celebrate its Native American and pioneer roots. It continues to be a vibrant and evolving community in the western part of Nebraska.