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Putnam County, Florida is located in the northeastern part of the state, bordered by the St. Johns River to the west. The area that would become Putnam County was first inhabited by Native American tribes, including the Timucua and Seminole people. European settlers arrived in the area in the 18th century.

In 1774, British naturalist William Bartram explored the region, documenting the flora and fauna. However, it was not until 1821, when Florida became a United States territory, that organized settlement of Putnam County began. The county was officially established in 1849 and named after Benjamin A. Putnam, a soldier in the Seminole Wars.

In the late 19th century, Putnam County experienced a significant economic boom due to the growth of the citrus industry. The riverfront town of Palatka became a major center for citrus packaging and shipping. The industry played a crucial role in the county's economy until a series of hard freezes in the 1890s caused extensive damage to citrus groves, leading to a decline in production.

The early 20th century brought new opportunities to Putnam County with the arrival of the railroad, allowing for increased connectivity and trade. The town of Crescent City, located on the western edge of the county, became a popular destination for tourists seeking recreational activities on the lake. Today, Putnam County continues to maintain its ties to agriculture, with farming and forestry as important industries, while also embracing its natural beauty and history as a draw for visitors.